This site is a compendium of R code meant to highlight the various uses of simulation to aid in the understanding of probability, statistics, and study design. I frequently draw on examples using my R package simstudy. Occasionally, I opine on other topics related to causal inference, evidence, and research more generally.

Creating a nice looking Table 1 with standardized mean differences

Posted on September 26, 2023

I’m in the middle of a perfect storm, winding down three randomized clinical trials (RCTs), with patient recruitment long finished and data collection all wrapped up. This means a lot of data analysis, presentation prep, and paper writing (and not so much blogging). One common (and not so glamorous) thread cutting across all of these RCTs is the need to generate a Table 1, the comparison of baseline characteristics that convinces readers that randomization worked its magic (i. [Read More]
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Finding logistic models to generate data with desired risk ratio, risk difference and AUC profiles

Posted on June 20, 2023

About two years ago, someone inquired whether simstudy had the functionality to generate data from a logistic model with a specific AUC. It did not, but now it does, thanks to a paper by Peter Austin that describes a nice algorithm to accomplish this. The paper actually describes a series of related algorithms for generating coefficients that target specific prevalence rates, risk ratios, and risk differences, in addition the AUC. [Read More]
R  simstudy  logistic regression 

A demo of power estimation by simulation for a cluster randomized trial with a time-to-event outcome

Posted on May 23, 2023

A colleague reached out for help designing a cluster randomized trial to evaluate a clinical decision support tool for primary care physicians (PCPs), which aims to improve care for high-risk patients. The outcome will be a time-to-event measure, collected at the patient level. The unit of randomization will be the PCP, and one of the key design issues is settling on the number to randomize. [Read More]
R  Cluster randomized trials  survival analysis 

Generating variable cluster sizes to assess power in cluster randomized trials

Posted on April 18, 2023

In recent discussions with a number of collaborators at the NIA IMPACT Collaboratory about setting the sample size for a proposed cluster randomized trial, the question of variable cluster sizes has come up a number of times. Given a fixed overall sample size, it is generally better (in terms of statistical power) if the sample is equally distributed across the different clusters; highly variable cluster sizes increase the standard errors of effect size estimates and reduce the ability to determine if an intervention or treatment is effective. [Read More]
R  Cluster randomized trials 

Implementing a one-step GEE algorithm for very large cluster sizes in R

Posted on March 21, 2023

Very large data sets can present estimation problems for some statistical models, particularly ones that cannot avoid matrix inversion. For example, generalized estimating equations (GEE) models that are used when individual observations are correlated within groups can have severe computation challenges when the cluster sizes get too large. GEE are often used when repeated measures for an individual are collected over time; the individual is considered the cluster in this analysis. [Read More]
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simstudy 0.6.0 released: more flexible correlation patterns

Posted on February 21, 2023

The new version (0.6.0) of simstudy is available for download from CRAN. In addition to some important bug fixes, I’ve added new functionality that should make data generation with correlated data a little more flexible. In the previous post, I described enhancements to the function genCorMat. As part of this release announcement, I’m describing blockExchangeMat and blockDecayMat, two new functions that can be used to generate correlation matrices when there is a temporal element to the data generation. [Read More]
R  simstudy  correlated data 

Flexible correlation generation: an update to genCorMat in simstudy

Posted on February 14, 2023

I’ve been slowly working on some updates to simstudy, focusing mostly on the functionality to generate correlation matrices (which can be used to simulate correlated data). Here, I’m briefly describing the function genCorMat, which has been updated to facilitate the generation of correlation matrices for clusters of different sizes and with potentially different correlation coefficients. I’ll briefly describe what the existing function can currently do, and then give an idea about what the enhancements will provide. [Read More]
R  simstudy  correlated data 

A GAM for time trends in a stepped-wedge trial with a binary outcome

Posted on January 17, 2023

In a previous post, I described some ways one might go about analyzing data from a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial using a generalized additive model (a GAM), focusing on continuous outcomes. I have spent the past few weeks developing a similar model for a binary outcome, and have started to explore model comparison and methods to evaluate goodness-of-fit. The following describes some of my thought process. Data generation The data generation process I am using here follows along pretty closely with the earlier post, except, of course, the outcome has changed from continuous to binary. [Read More]
R  Cluster randomized trials  GAM 

Modeling the secular trend in a stepped-wedge design

Posted on December 13, 2022

Recently I started a discussion about modeling secular trends using flexible models in the context of cluster randomized trials. I’ve been motivated by a trial I am involved with that is using a stepped-wedge study design. The initial post focused on more standard parallel designs; here, I want to extend the discussion explicitly to the stepped-wedge design. The stepped-wedge design Stepped-wedge designs are a special class of cluster randomized trial where each cluster is observed in both treatment arms (as opposed to the classic parallel design where only some of the clusters receive the treatment). [Read More]
R  Cluster randomized trials 

Generating clustered data with marginal correlations

Posted on November 22, 2022

A student is working on a project to derive an analytic solution to the problem of sample size determination in the context of cluster randomized trials and repeated individual-level measurement (something I’ve thought a little bit about before). Though the goal is an analytic solution, we do want confirmation with simulation. So, I was a little disheartened to discover that the routines I’d developed in simstudy for this were not quite up to the task. [Read More]
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